Lec4 second law of thermodynamics lecture series on applied thermodynamics for marine systems by prof. Heat and thermodynamics notes for iit jee, download pdf. At the end of the course, students would be expected to be able to demonstrate an understanding of the laws of thermodynamics and solve. The second law of thermodynamics states that processes occur in a certain direction, not in just any direction. Nptel video lectures, iit video lectures online, nptel youtube lectures. In the next lecture, we shall examine the third law of thermodynamics, which concerns the entropy of perfect crystals and leads to determination of absolute entropies. Applied thermodynamics pdf applied thermodynamics by onkar singh very popular book in india as well as south african, asia and europe countries it provides the complete treatments of applications of thermodynamics as well as conceptual understandings of energy and exergy system such as turbine, heat exchanger, nozzle, internal combustion engine, compressible flow analysis. Apr 03, 2016 the application of first law of thermodynamics process led to the establishment of a new property named internal energy u, the application of the second law to a process leads to the establishment of another new property names as entropy s. Together with rudolf clausius and william thomson lord kelvin, he was a contributor to the thermodynamics, particularly focusing on the. Irreversibility and the second law of thermodynamics. First law of thermodynamics, control volume, entropy and the second law of. The second law of thermodynamics 1 the second law of thermodynamics 2 no transcript 3 no transcript 4.
In 1859, a scottish engineer, william john macquorn rankine advanced the study of heat engines by publishing the manual of the steam engine and other prime movers. It implies that the amount of heat energy to be supplied in a real process is larger than the thermodynamic limit. Lecture series on applied thermodynamics for marine systems by prof. In the ideal case no friction, reversible processes, perfect design, this heat engine would have a carnot efficiency of. Work and efficiency as motivation for the development of the second law, we examine two types of processes that.
Basic principles of classical and statistical thermodynamics pdf 35p. Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what rate these energy transformations are carried out, but is based on initial and final states of a system undergoing the change. Yellow brick cinema relaxing music recommended for you. Lec1 introduction and fundamental concepts lec2 zeroth law and fundamental concepts. For combined system and surroundings, entropy never decreases. The fi rst law of thermodynamics, that energy is conserved, just ells us what can happen. The syllabus closely follows the aicte model syllabus in thermodynamics.
Applied thermodynamics videos, lectures, classes, courses, books, tutorials nptel thermodynamics videos, thermodynamics video lectures, thermodynamics video classes. Som, department of mechanical engineering, iit kharagpur. Kelvinplanck statement of the second law it is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work. The amount of heat transferred depends upon the speed and motion of the atoms or molecules, as they interact with one another. It is impossible for any system to operate in such a way that the sole result would be an energy transfer by heat from a cooler to a hotter body.
To learn more about the laws, check out the law of thermodynamics pdf. Relate to the 1st law of thermodynamics thermal expansion cracking the nut. Heat does not flow spontaneously from a colder region to a hotter region, or, equivalently, heat at a given temperature cannot be converted entirely into work. Choosing a clever system is half the solution of many thermodynamical problems. Second law of thermodynamics university college dublin. There are several ways in which the second law of thermodynamics can be stated. The second law of thermodynamics is also used in determining the theoretical limits for the performance of commonly used engineering systems, such as heat engines and refrigerators, as well as predicting the degree of completion of chemical reactions. Introduce and define thermodynamic properties such as internal energy and enthalpy. Second law of thermodynamics predicts the direction of of heat flow it explains the reason for why complete conversion of energy into work is not possible.
Applied thermodynamics nptel download book free book centre. Introduction to physics pdf second law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy. This course is on basic engineering thermodynamics. Apr 01, 2010 lecture series on applied thermodynamics for marine systems by prof. Applied thermodynamics pdf engineering, mechanical.
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law that is not symmetric to reversal of the time direction. This is a firstlevel course in thermodynamics, aimed at ug first year students. And for two, when you hear the actual statement of the 0th law, it sounds so obvious and trivial, you think its kind of stupid to have a law for it. The second law of thermodynamics is commonly referred to as the law of entropy, and it holds that energy becomes less usable over time. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium, the state with maximum entropy the total entropy of a system and its surroundings can remain constant in ideal cases where the system is in. There exists for every thermodynamic system in equilibrium a property called temperature. The theory or a law is called timereversal invariant tri if. The second law also asserts that energy has a quality. Second law of thermodynamics study gtusysllabus,gtu. This is why running an air conditioner for a long period of time, costs you money. The major interactions that occur in thermodynamics are between the systems and their environments.
Discuss the importance of second law of thermodynamics. If youre behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains. Voiceover lets talk about the 0th law of thermodynamics. Laws of thermodynamics apply only when a system is in equilibrium or moves from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
Physical processes in nature can proceed toward equilibrium spontaneously. Second law of thermodynamics and can be stated as follows. O establishing conditions for equilibrium, o provide means for predicting the direction of processes, o second law is useful. The theory or a law is called timereversal invariant tri if the classw. It predicts the feasibility of a process it introduces two new thermo dynamic functions entropy and free energy to explain spontaneity.
The first, second, and third law of thermodynamics thlaws05. Basic thermodynamics nptel online videos, courses iit. Equality of temperature is a necessary and sufficient. Thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics 1850 clausius statement. Lecture notes thermodynamics of materials materials science. For the reversible isothermal process, for the gas. Lecture 14 ideal gas law and terms of the motion of. And for two, when you hear the actual statement of the 0th law, it sounds so obvious and trivial, you think its. This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely cpt symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on timeasymmetric boundary conditions. There are four laws of thermodynamics, they are zeroth law of thermodynamics first law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics third law of thermodynamics zeroth law of thermodynamics. The development dates back as far as the 1600s when the basic idea of heat and temperature were first being formulated. For one, its called the 0th law and thats kind of weird. In a theory like classical thermodynamics, in which the state does not contain velocitylike parameters, one may take r to be the identity transformation.
This law states consider three bodies namely a, b, c, if a and b are individually in thermal equilibrium with a third body c then, the bodies a and b also will. He said, we dont see a spontaneous transfer of heat from cold areas to hot areas. If youre seeing this message, it means were having trouble loading external resources on our website. Preserving the quality of energy is a major concern of engineers. The first, second, and third law of thermodynamics. Ideal gas law and kinetic theory of gases chapter 20 entropy and the second law of thermodynamics now we to look at temperature, pressure, and internal energy in terms of the motion of molecules and atoms. Relaxing studying music, brain power, focus concentration music. Lecture 14 ideal gas law and terms of the motion of molecules. Rankine developed a complete theory of the steam engine and indeed of all heat engines. Second law of thermodynamics, entropy and availbility. O satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will take place. The second law of thermodynamics is concerned with the maximum fraction of a quantity of heat that can be converted into work. So weve now covered the various aspects of the second law of thermal dynamics, which governs the spontaneity of chemical reactions based on the gibbs energy.
In this case, steam generators, steam turbine, condensers and feedwater pumps constitute a heat engine, that is subject to the efficiency limitations imposed by the second law of thermodynamics. Lec1 introduction and fundamental concepts youtube. Chapter 4 thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics. Consequently, the entropy of a closed system, or heat energy per unit. It is impossible for any system to undergo a process in which it absorbs heat from a reservoir at a single temperature and converts the heat completely into mechanical work, with the system ending in the same state in which it begins. S thermodynamics pdf applied thermodynamics by onkar singh very popular book in india as well as south african, asia and europe countries it provides the complete treatments of applications of thermodynamics as well as conceptual understandings of energy and exergy system such as turbine, heat exchanger, nozzle. The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time, and is constant if and only if all processes are reversible. A process can occur when and only when it satisfies both the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics states that the heat energy cannot transfer from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the addition of energy.
The heat energy supplied to the system increase the internal energy of the gas and the rest of the heat energy is converted into the work done by the system on the surroundings. Like the first law, it is a generalization from an enormous amount of observation. The second law of thermodynamics for the free expansion, we have. The second law of thermodynamics introduces the notion of entropy s, a measure of system disorder messiness u is the quantity of a systems energy, s is the quality of a systems energy. Most air conditioners have an eer between 8 to 12 cop of 2.
Thermodynamics hindi l 16 second law of thermodynamics by mr. In 1824, french physicist sadi carnot was the first to define the basic principles of thermodynamics in his discussions on the efficiency of an ideal machine. We will introduce the rst and second law for open systems. Therefore, while the quantity, based on the first law, of. Nptel provides elearning through online web and video courses various streams. The laws of thermodynamics were not discovered by one person. It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower. The increase of the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat added to the system plus the work done on the system. Download applied thermodynamics nptel download free online book chm pdf. Second law statements the following two statements of the second law of thermodynamics are based on the definitions of the heat engines and heat pumps. And the second law of thermodynamics, according to rudolf clausius, and im gonna paraphrase this, is that we dont see spontaneous, let me write this down. Why it is important to formulate the law for open systems can be illustrated with fig. Thermodynamic system and control volume, properties and state of a substance, properties of a pure substance, work and heat, the first law of thermodynamics, first law analysis for a control volume, the second law of thermodynamics, entropy, second law analysis for a control volume, cycles, mathematical foundations.
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